The green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the uk. Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as. These bacteria are transmitted by persontoperson contact through. Pdf meningococcal disease in the middle east and africa. Meningitis is an infectious disease that causes the swelling of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Climate change and cerebrospinal meningitis in the. Fortunately, eva got better as quick as she got sick and after nearly 4 days she was discharged. Meningitis and septicaemia are dangerous diseases which can kill in hours. Meningococcal septicemia bloodstream infection is the second most common type of meningococcal infection 40 percent of cases.
Eliminating meningitis across africas meningitis belt. Meningococcal meningitis is characterized by sudden onset of headache, fever, and stiffness of the neck, sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or altered mental status. These interventions do not provide longterm protection to those at risk, are expensive, and deplete scarce resources in an already overstretched public health system. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective covering that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
Perea4 1intercountry support team for west africa, world health organization, ouagadougou, burkina faso. Sir, electrolyte disorders, especially hyponatremia, are common problems in patients with cns disease. Defining an area at risk of epidemic meningitis in africa, transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene, volume 96, issue 3, mayjune 2002, pages 242. This latest entry in asqs popular series of handbooks explicitly follows the certifications body of knowledge and addresses each topic to exactly the level green belts need. The green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine. The certified six sigma green belt handbook, first edition. Less commonly, individuals may present with pneumonia, myocarditis, endocarditis, pericarditis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis, pharyngitis and cervicitis rosenstein et al. Its impact was seen immediately in 2014 there were no new cases of meningitis a in the countries that vaccinated.
But the most clinically useful categories of meningitis are. This area stretches from senegal to ethiopia and is prone to large outbreaks of disease known as epidemics as a result of warm and dusty winter winds which can damage mucous membranes in the lungs and throat, making it. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis. Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space. Mar 20, 20 updated url links to the green book chapters. Aug 12, 2014 in which john is diagnosed with ebola by the internet but turns out to be suffering from viral meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is usually more severe than viral meningitis and can lead to hearing loss, learning disabilities, and brain damage.
The first definitive description of the disease was by vieusseux in switzerland in 1805. The first meeting of the department of health meningitis working group was held at the end of january paul gentry, kirsty ermenekli and nicole zographou attended as representatives of families who have lost loved ones to meningitis. Meningitis caused by bacteria can be deadly and requires immediate medical attention. Most commonly caused by a viral infection, it may also result from infection with bacteria or fungus. Meningitis caused by viruses is serious but often is less severe than bacterial meningitis. By 2020, the menafrivac vaccine is expected to protect almost the entire population at risk in the meningitis belt preventing an estimated 1 million cases of. Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. Paul gentry, kirsty ermenekli and nicole zographou attended as representatives of families who have lost loved ones to meningitis. Doctor spot rushes george to hospital where he receives emergency treatment and makes a full recovery. There is a marked seasonal variation in meningococcal disease, with peak levels in the winter months declining to low levels by late summer.
Remembering her school lessons, his clever sister gloria suspects meningitis. The first meeting of the department of health meningitis working group was held at the end of january. Meningococcal disease generally occurs 110 days after exposure and presents as meningitis in. Meningococcal immunisation information for public health professionals. Meningitis is an inflammation of the three thin membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord which are collectively called the meninges. Bacterial meningitis is usually more severe than viral meningitis and can lead to hearing loss, learning disabilities, and brain. A popular term for a region of subsaharan africa which has hosted large epidemics of meningococcal meningitis for over a century. Meningitis may be classified as acute, subacute, chronic, or recurrent. The doh said that meningococcemia, caused by the neisseria. Asqs brand new six sigma green belt certification is here and this is the book to help prepare.
Bacterial meningitis is the serious illness that people dread. What you need to know about meningitis focus on health graywilburn, renee marie on. In which john is diagnosed with ebola by the internet but turns out to be suffering from viral meningitis. Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 2002 96, 242249 where is the meningitis belt. Chapter 2 epidemiology of meningitis caused by neisseria. Furthermore, epidemics in the belt reached an alltime low. Meningococcal meningitis surveillance in the african. Overview of meningitis msd manual professional edition. It may result from infections, other disorders, or reactions to drugs. The disease is most common in the meningitis belt of subsaharan africa, which. The bacteria target the meninges the thin lining that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord.
Meningococcal meningitis surveillance in the african meningitis belt, 200420 clement lingani,1 cassi bergeroncaron,2 james m. Meningococcal disease causes vaccinepreventable travelrelated ill health 1 and the risk is increased, particularly for persons visiting areas with a higher incidence of disease and during outbreaks. Vaccines are available to help protect against some kinds of bacterial meningitis. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Immunology and vaccinepreventable diseases pink book. This pgd template should be used with reference to current national guidance, the green book, and summary of product characteristics for the vaccine. Awareness of meningococcal disease among travelers from the.
Cuevas1 liverpool school of tropical medicine, liverpool. Meningitis is one of the most feared diseases in africa. Findings and updates from the global meningococcal. Furthermore, since the meningitis belt has expanded and all the signs are there that it will further expand as a result of climate change, studies have recommended that close surveillance of csm incidence in the areas bordering the meningitis belt should be carried out to allow for early detection 9. In this region, major epidemics occur every 5 to 12 years with attack rates reaching 1,000 cases per 100,000 population. Hyponatremia in a patient with meningitis and crohn disease.
Meningococcal disease 14 meningococcal disease is an acute, potentially severe illness caused by the bacterium. Note that other meningitis infections can also be caused by viruses, fungi, and parasites. Meningococcal disease occurs worldwide, with the highest incidence of disease found in the meningitis belt of subsaharan africa. The african meningitis belt is a region in subsaharan africa where the rate of incidence of meningitis is very high. Meningitis epidemics are generally caused by serogroup a, although outbreaks have also been caused by serogroups c, w5, and x, 7, 21, 28. Hyponatremia in a patient with meningitis and crohn. There is a clear seasonal pattern and most disease occurs in the first 6 months of the year in the dry season with airborne dust and high temperatures being risk factors. Symptoms of meningitis include sudden onset of fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and confusion. Because meningitis can be serious and lumbar puncture is a safe procedure, lumbar puncture should usually be done if there is any suspicion of meningitis. Up until recently, early detection of meningitis and emergency, reactive mass vaccination campaigns targeting atrisk populations with polysaccharide vaccines were the only means to control meningitis epidemics.
It consists of part of or all of from west to east, the gambia. Risk for travelers is highest in people visiting meningitis belt countries who have prolonged contact with local populations during an epidemic. A congolese man who had recently arrived in new mexico after living in a tanzanian refugee camp presented with a 2day history of worsening diffuse headache, productive cough, nonbloody diarrhea, and persistent fevers. In meningitis belt countries, high rates of disease are seen in people up to age 30 years, and the highest rates are in children and adolescents aged 5 14 years. Biological diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis in the african meningitis belt. After three days, we were given the diagnosis of viral meningitis. It is a serious and sometimes fatal infection affecting the central nervous system and is caused by different bacterial and viral etiologic agents. How should we imagine novel diseases and how shoul. Green book chapter 22 v23 meningococcal une 20 meningococcal infection most commonly presents as either meningitis or septicaemia, or a combination of both. Other regions of the world experience lower overall rates of disease and occasional. The infection, which makes the protective membranes around the brain and neck painfully swell, is difficult to diagnose and swift to kill. Together, three types of bacteria account for over 90 percent of bacterial meningitis. Findings typically include headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity, diagnosis is by cerebrospinal fluid csf analysis.
Risk factors responsible for the spread of meningococcal. Meningococcal disease in the middle east and africa meningitis. Overview of meningitis merck manuals professional edition. Jun 23, 20 meningitis is an infectious disease that causes the swelling of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
A young survivor of meningitis is now active in a campaign to raise awareness of the meningitis vaccine. Meningococcal disease in the middle east and africa. Although hyponatremia due to cns disease is often attributed to siadh, csw and siadh have similar laboratory findings and they overlap in their association with intracranial diseases. Once i heard it mentioned i didnt hear anything else that was said. We provide lifesaving information and fund vital medical research into the diseases. Sep 26, 20 george has meningitis is a reassuring story for 4 to 7 yearolds about baby george the gorilla who is taken ill with a mysterious sickness.
Current epidemic strategy and new perspectives suzanne chanteau, angela m. Impact of menc vaccine on group c meningococcal disease. It is important to know the specific cause of meningitis because the treatment. Sometimes, though, meningitis is caused by a bacterial infection. The african meningitis belt includes parts of 26 countries. George has meningitis is a reassuring story for 4 to 7 yearolds about baby george the gorilla who is taken ill with a mysterious sickness. The symptoms involve severe headache, stiffness of the neck and a sensitivity to light. Csf findings tend to differ by the type of meningitis but can overlap. Meningococcal meningitis in the african meningitis belt. Defining an area at risk of epidemic meningitis in africa anna m. The risk of catching meningitis is the highest in the world in an area of subsaharan africa known as the meningitis belt. Risk factors responsible for the spread of meningococcal meningitis. Meningitis belt definition of meningitis belt by medical.
The primary cause of meningitis of the belt is neisseria meningitidis. Pdf meningococcal carriage in the african meningitis belt. Targeting carriage is vital to controlling invasive meningococcal disease. Awareness of meningococcal disease among travelers from. Department of urban and regional planning, universiti teknologi malaysia skudai, johor bahru, malaysia. What you need to know about meningitis focus on health. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Meningitis is an inflammation swelling of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. By 2020, the menafrivac vaccine is expected to protect almost the entire population at risk in the meningitis belt preventing an estimated 1 million cases of meningitis a and 150,000 deaths. From senegal to ethiopia, a wave of devastating illness sweeps across the 26 countries of africas meningitis belt every 5 to 14 years. In the meningitis belt of subsaharan africa, the incidence of meningococcal infection rises sharply towards the. Bacterial meningitis can occur at any age, but 95 percent of cases are in children under 5 years old. We describe a typical presentation of meningococcus meningitis, diagnosed by blood culture.
A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. In the meningitis belt of sub saharan africa, the incidence of meningococcal infection rises sharply towards the. The doctor was fantastic, explaining what was wrong without mentioning meningitis until the very end. Tapuwa d mupfumira, md mph, the university of new mexico health sciences center, albuquerque, nm and eileen barrett, md mph, university of new mexico school of medicine, albuquerque, nm. Started in 1995, this collection now contains 6502 interlinked topic pages divided into a tree of 31 specialty books and 722 chapters. Meningococcal a conjugate campaigns10 mcg in a 10 dose presentation serum institute of india ltd. Good news for the meningitis belt the borgen project. Meningitis is the most common form of meningococcal disease 50 percent of cases. Illness believed to be meningococcal disease was first reported in the 16th century. Climate change and cerebrospinal meningitis in the ghanaian. Of the 12 meningococcal meningitis serogroups identified, the following five cause illness.
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